In Season 5 of The Handmaid's Tale, Esther, who was once a child bride, is basically the new Janine. She refuses to bow down to Aunt Lydia's expectations for handmaids and she even goes to drastic lengths to escape. She poisons herself and Janine, but both of them survive. When Esther wakes up from her coma, she learns that she's pregnant after being raped by Commander Putnam in an off-camera scene.

Putnam insists that he owns Esther as his handmaid, so he has a right to do what he wants with her, despite the rape being outside of the monthly ceremony. But Esther wasn't yet assigned to his house when he forced himself on her. And, while handmaid rape, ceremonial and otherwise, is rampant in the series, this action is too much for other commanders, who vote to execute Putnam.

Before Esther's pregnancy is revealed, however, Aunt Lydia sees a doctor about what's called a uterus harvesting. Apparently, that was the plan for Esther in her comatose state. Uterus harvesting isn't widespread in Gilead in the book, but it sounds like the idea is to potentially take Esther's uterus and either use it for an infertile woman or simply take it out of Esther to make her sterile.

We see women who are assigned to the Jezebel's brothel face sterilization early in the series. It's unclear if they have this done by getting their uterus taken out, but that's one explanation for why the doctor planned to harvest Esther's uterus.

It's unlikely that Gilead believes in implanting her uterus in an otherwise infertile wife, especially since it leans into science rather than religion. But that could still be another point of uterus harvesting in The Handmaid's Tale.

In the Eyes On Gilead podcast, the hosts theorize that Esther's uterus harvesting could have been a way for Gilead to not waste any part of her body before potentially euthanizing her. Esther is in a coma up until this point and she broke the law by poisoning someone. So pulling the plug, so to speak, makes sense too.